Triclabendazole antibody/antigen (BSA/OVA/KLH conjugated hapten)

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anti-Triclabendazole antibody and Carrier-coupled antigen/immunogen (hapten-carrier conjugates)

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Product information

Size： 1mg | 10mg | 100mg

Product Description

BSA-Triclabendazole

OVA-Triclabendazole

Anti-Triclabendazole mouse monoclonal antibody

Anti-Triclabendazole human monoclonal antibody

Reference

Validation Data

Click to get more Data / Case study about the product.

Biomarker Information

Enrofloxacin (ENOR): Enrofloxacin is a synthetic, broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine. It belongs to the quinolone class of antibiotics, which work by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. This disruption ultimately leads to the death of susceptible bacteria. Enrofloxacin is particularly effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, making it valuable in the treatment of various bacterial infections in animals, especially in poultry and livestock.

In veterinary practice, Enrofloxacin is used to combat respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and skin infections in animals. It has proven to be an important tool in maintaining animal health and welfare, thereby supporting the productivity of livestock and poultry industries.

Relevance in Environmental Monitoring: The environmental relevance of Enrofloxacin stems from its extensive use in animal husbandry. When animals are administered Enrofloxacin for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, a portion of the drug is metabolized and excreted. This excretion occurs through feces and urine, leading to the introduction of Enrofloxacin and its metabolites into the environment.

a. Soil Contamination:

The application of manure containing Enrofloxacin-derived residues as fertilizer can introduce the antibiotic into the soil. Once in the soil, Enrofloxacin can interact with minerals and organic matter, potentially affecting soil microbial communities and nutrient cycling processes.

b. Water Contamination:

Rainfall and irrigation can facilitate the leaching of Enrofloxacin and its metabolites from contaminated soil into groundwater. Additionally, surface runoff from agricultural fields can carry the antibiotic into nearby water bodies. This can lead to the presence of Enrofloxacin in aquatic environments, potentially impacting aquatic organisms and microbial communities.

c. Persistence and Degradation:

The environmental fate of Enrofloxacin is influenced by various factors. It can undergo degradation processes such as photolysis, where exposure to light leads to breakdown, and hydrolysis, which involves degradation in the presence of water. Microbial communities in soil and water can also play a role in the degradation of Enrofloxacin.

Methods for Enrofloxacin (ENOR) Monitoring:

a. Analytical Chemistry Techniques:

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are powerful analytical techniques used for the precise detection and quantification of Enrofloxacin in environmental samples. These methods offer high sensitivity and selectivity, making them essential tools for accurate monitoring.

b. Immunoassays:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and other immunoassay techniques provide a rapid screening method for Enrofloxacin in environmental samples. They are generally less expensive and simpler to perform compared to some of the more advanced analytical chemistry techniques.

c. Microbiological Assays:

Bioassays that utilize bacteria or other microorganisms sensitive to Enrofloxacin can provide an indirect measure of its presence in environmental samples. These assays are often used as a screening tool to quickly assess the potential presence of antibiotics.

d. Biomonitoring:

This approach involves using organisms like aquatic plants, algae, or bacteria to assess the presence of Enrofloxacin in a particular environment. Changes in the growth or behavior of these organisms can indicate the presence of the antibiotic.

Environmental Fate of Enrofloxacin (ENOR):

a. Degradation:

Enrofloxacin can undergo various degradation processes in the environment. Photolysis, where exposure to sunlight breaks down the molecule, and hydrolysis, which involves breakdown in the presence of water, are key mechanisms. Additionally, certain bacteria and enzymes can facilitate microbial degradation of Enrofloxacin.

b. Sorption and Mobility:

Enrofloxacin has the ability to bind to soil particles, a process known as sorption. This can affect its mobility in the environment and influence its persistence in soil. Sorption can also impact the potential for Enrofloxacin to leach into groundwater.

c. Bioaccumulation:

In certain circumstances, Enrofloxacin and its metabolites can accumulate in the tissues of organisms exposed to contaminated environments. This bioaccumulation can occur in aquatic organisms and potentially lead to biomagnification up the food chain.

d. Metabolism and Transformation Products:

Enrofloxacin can be transformed into various metabolites through biological and chemical processes. Understanding the fate of these metabolites is important for assessing their potential environmental impact.

Monitoring Enrofloxacin in the environment is crucial for understanding its potential impact on ecosystems, human health, and antibiotic resistance development. It also plays a vital role in ensuring regulatory compliance and guiding sustainable practices in animal agriculture and waste management. This comprehensive monitoring effort involves a range of analytical techniques and assessments of Enrofloxacin's fate in different environmental compartments. Through diligent monitoring and informed management practices, we can work towards minimizing the environmental footprint of Enrofloxacin while safeguarding animal health and public well-being.

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