This protocol is for the stable cell line construction based on puromycin selection.

Day 1: Seed target cells in 24-well plates. The number of seeding cells differs according to the cell proliferation rate.
Day 2: Target cells should be approximately 50%-70% confluent. For polybrene accessible cells, mix the culture medium with proper concentrations of polybrene. Replace the medium completely with 0.5 ml polybrene-containing medium. For polybrene sensitive cells, this step can be skipped.
Before infection, virus should be melted on ice gently and resuspended in culture medium. Remove the preceding medium and add lentivirus-containing medium with 1/2 volume of normal culture volume. Culture for 4 hours at 37℃, and supplement fresh medium to normal volume. The recommended medium volume of lentivirus infection is displayed in the following table 4.

Note:
1. Polybrene concentration
Though polybrene increases the efficiency of viral infection, it is toxic to some cell lines, and the sensitivity varies from different cell lines. For polybrene accessible cells We recommend the working concentration of polybrene as 6-8μg/ml.
2. Optimal MOI detection for cell infection
MOI (multiplicity of infection) refers to the number of infected viral particles per cell. For actively dividing cells such as HeLa or 293 cells, over 80% of the cells can express target genes with MOI of 1-3. For the non-dividing cells like primary cells with a low infection efficiency, we recommend testing a range of MOIs to determine the optimal MOI for infection and gene expression in target cell lines. The lentiviral MOIs of some common cell line are shown in the table 5.

Note: Influenced by cell source, algebra and cell state, the MOI values in different laboratories may be different to some extent. Data in this table are obtained on condition that the cell is in good state, and infection efficiency can reach 85-100% cells.

Day3: Refresh the culture medium 24 hours post infection.

Day4: Change to fresh medium with puromycin 48 hours post infection. The recommended concentration of puromycin ranges from 1 to 10μg/ml according to cell lines. Set the uninfected wild-type cells as control group and add equal volume and concentration of puromycin. Replace with fresh puromycin-containing medium every 2 or 3 days until the control group cells die out. Then choose one of the following steps according to experimental requirements.
1. Non-selecting monoclonal cells Passage the infected cells and select with puromycin constantly. Freeze the cell mixture in continuous three passages. Considering the heterogeneity, we recommend selecting monoclonal cell for a confirmed phenotype.
2. Selecting monoclonal cells Select at least five monoclonal cells after infection and puromycin selection, and propagate in puromycin-containing medium. Detection the expression of target genes using western blot or qPCR. Choose the stable cell line with proper expression level of target genes to passage three generations and freeze the stable cell line.

Notes for infection of special cell lines.
1. Suspension cells
We recommend using flat fillet centrifuging transfection to infect suspension cells or semi-suspension cells. Add virus suspension into cell culture dish, sealing tightly, and centrifuge at low speed of 200×g for 1 hour in the flat fillet centrifuge. Place cells in cell culture incubator after centrifuging transfection. If the flat fillet centrifuge is inaccessible, you can suspend the cells and transfer cells into centrifuge tubes, followed by low-speed centrifuge, and discard the most of supernatant. Add virus suspension into the tubes, resuspending cells, place it at room temperature for 15 min (no more than 30 min), and transfer the cells and virus suspension into plate to culture. Replace with fresh culture medium the next day.
2. Cells difficult to infect
For cells difficult to infect, like DC cells, we recommend repeated infections. Replace with fresh virus suspension 24 hours after the first infection. Repeated infections can increase the infection efficiency markedly.
3. Non-dividing primary cells
We recommend high-titer adenovirus to infect these cells like BMSC.

Detailed information of Lentivirus protocol can be seen in Lentivirus Protocol.

AAV(Adeno-Associated Virus) vector system

AAV1 vector system AAV2 vector system AAV2 variant(Y444F) vector system AAV2 variant (Y272F,Y444F,Y500F,Y730F) vector system AAV2 variant(Y444F,Y730F,Y500F,Y272F,Y704F,Y252F) vector system AAV2 variant(AAV2.7m8) vector system AAV5 vector system AAV6 vector system AAV8 vector system AAV8-1m vector system AAV8-2m vector system AAV8-3m vector system

AAV9 vector system AAV-Rh10 vector system AAV-DJ vector system AAV-Dj8 vector system AAV2-Retro (Retrograde) vector system AAV-PHP.B vector system AAV-PHP.eB vector system AAV-PHP.S vector system AAV-BR1 vector system AAV-2i8 vector system AAV-SIG vector system AAV-VEC vector system

AAV Rep-Cap plasmids (serotypes-specific AAV RC plasmids)

AAV1 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV2 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV2 variant (Y444F) Rep-Cap plasmid AAV2 variant (Y272F, Y444F, Y500F, Y730F) Rep-Cap plasmid AAV2 variant (Y444F, Y730F, Y500F, Y272F, Y704F, Y252F) Rep-Cap plasmid AAV2 variant(AAV2.7m8) Rep-Cap plasmid AAV5 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV6 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV8 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV8-1m Rep-Cap plasmid AAV8-2m Rep-Cap plasmid AAV8 variant (Y733F, Y447F, Y275) Rep-Cap plasmid

AAV9 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV-Rh.10 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV-DJ Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV-DJ/8 Rep-Cap Plasmid AAV-Retro (Retrograde) Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-PHP.B Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-PHP.eB Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-PHP.S Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-BR1 Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-2i8 Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-SIG Rep-Cap plasmid AAV-VEC Rep-Cap plasmid